Arterial hypertension

First blood pressure (BP) was measured by the level of recovery of blood in the tube connected to the artery of the animal in the XVIII century. In the first half of the XIX century K.Lyudvig proposed method of recording blood pressure by the mercury manometer on a special sooty tape.

Causes of high pressure

Increased blood pressure in the arteries (arterial hypertension) - an important feature of various pathological diseases and conditions that are accompanied by an increase in resistance or arterial blood flow or increase in cardiac output, or a combination of these factors.

High blood pressure can occur due to various external factors or internal factors. External influences are long-term mental stress, stress, brain injury. The internal factors include a variety of diseases that can cause high blood pressure, such as kidney disease, hormonal, adrenal or pituitary tumor.

Blood pressure may rise to kidney disorders, endocrine system, major blood vessels of the central or peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, the use of different medicaments, increased blood pressure.

Long-term and significant increase in the pressure itself produces a pathological condition manifested overload and hypertrophy (increase in volume) of the heart muscle, disruption of peripheral vascular disease and changes in the internal organs.

The forms of high blood pressure

By the nature of improving the high pressure is divided into three forms:

• systolic (upper) blood pressure in normal or reduced or lower diastolic blood pressure (when there is an increase in cardiac output);
• increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (indicates an increase in cardiac output and increase vascular resistance to blood flow);
• increases in diastolic blood pressure (decreased cardiac output, combined with increased vascular resistance).

Found five variants of arterial hypertension:

• transient - rise in blood pressure is rarely the case, briefly and to the low numbers;
• labile (unstable) - moderate, unstable, but often enough increase in blood pressure;
• stable (constant) - a steady and often significant increase in blood pressure, which is reduced only during special treatment;
• malignant - a persistent very high blood pressure with high diastolic pressure High diastolic blood pressure - the problem is serious ; the disease progresses rapidly and is difficult to treat;
• with crisis course - that is, with paroxysmal over, in the form of crises.

Symptoms that may occur at high pressure

High blood pressure may have certain symptoms. These include changes in the heart, working with constant load: the myocardium (heart muscle) of the left heart (that it pumps blood into the systemic circulation) increases in volume (hypertrophy). This is reflected in the complaints of patients with palpitations, shortness of breath, pain in the heart.

With long-term increase in blood pressure observed changes in retinal vessels: arteries become thin and sinuous and dilated veins (venous stasis) may occur as a result of short-term or permanent visual impairment.

Patients may also complain of headache, dizziness, angina (severe short-term pain in the heart).

When symptomatic arterial hypertension in addition to signs of high blood pressure in patients showing signs of an underlying disease. Signs of symptomatic elevation of blood pressure may occur acutely, suddenly, such as acute nephritis, kidney injury, clogging the main renal artery. But most of these symptoms develop gradually.

At high pressure, of any origin can be severe disorders of cerebral circulation, heart failure with the stagnation of blood in the veins of the lungs and the development of asthma or cardiac pulmonary edema (fluid flood light, propotevayuschey of stagnant veins). High pressure against renal disease is frequently complicated by renal failure, whereas when it hypertension is rare.

Diagnosis and treatment of hypertension

When high blood pressure High blood pressure - one of the most frequent pathologies   examine the patient to identify the symptomatic elevation of blood pressure. First of all, it is excluded renal and endocrine nature of high blood pressure. To do this, the patients underwent laboratory and instrumental methods of research. If the cause of high pressure Causes of high pressure, what causes hypertension   is not installed, then the patient is diagnosed essential hypertension (hypertension).

But in any case, the patient is assigned to the correct mode of the day, a diet with restriction of salt, sedatives, hypnotics, if necessary. In symptomatic hypertension treated primarily underlying disease. To lower blood pressure using different groups of lowering pressure (antihypertensive) drugs.

High blood pressure should be the occasion to clarify the reasons for its occurrence.

Galina Romanenko

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